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The VA-111 ''Shkval'' (from (ロシア語:шквал) — ''squall'') torpedo and its descendants are supercavitating torpedoes developed by the Soviet Union. They are capable of speeds in excess of 200 knots (370 km/h).〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.militaryperiscope.com/mdb-smpl/weapons/minetorp/torpedo/w0004768.shtml )〕 == Design and capabilities == Design began in the 1960s when the NII-24 research institute was ordered to produce a new weapon capable of engaging nuclear submarines. The merger of the institute and GSKB-47 created the Research Institute of Applied Hydromechanics, who continued with the design and production of the Shkval. Previously operational as early as 1977, the torpedo was announced as being deployed in the 1990s.〔 The ''Shkval'' is intended as a countermeasure against torpedoes launched by undetected enemy submarines.〔 The VA-111 is launched from 533 mm torpedo tubes at before its solid-fuel rocket ignites and propels it to speeds of . Some reports indicate that speeds of 250+ knots may be achieved, and that work on a version was underway.〔Polmar, 2004, Cold War Submarines, p. 304; Baker, Combat Fleets of the World 2000–2001, p.581〕 This high speed is due to supercavitation, whereby a gas bubble, which envelops the torpedo, is created by outward deflection of water by its specially-shaped nose cone and the expansion of gases from its engine. This minimizes water contact with the torpedo, significantly reducing drag.〔 Early designs may have relied solely on an inertial guidance system.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.aviaport.ru/digest/2009/07/27/177857.html )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://flot.com/science/sor8.htm )〕 The initial design was intended for nuclear warhead delivery. Later designs reportedly include terminal guidance and conventional warheads.〔Polmar, 2004, Cold War Submarines, p. 304〕 The torpedo steers using four fins that skim the inner surface of the supercavitation gas bubble. To change direction, the fin(s) on the inside of the desired turn are extended, and the opposing fins are retracted.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「VA-111 Shkval」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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